Newcastle, commonly referred to as Greater Newcastle and colloquially known as "Newy," is a major metropolitan area in New South Wales, Australia. It stands as the second-largest city in the state, boasting a population of over 500,000 residents as of the 2021 census. Located at the mouth of the Hunter River, it is central to the Lower Hunter region and serves as a key economic hub. The metropolitan area includes the cities of Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, Maitland, Cessnock, and Port Stephens Council.

Newcastle is internationally renowned for its coal exports, with the Port of Newcastle being the largest coal-exporting harbor in the world. In 2022 alone, the port handled a staggering 143 million tonnes of coal. The surrounding Hunter Region, rich in coal deposits, plays a significant role in the global energy market. This area sits within the Sydney Basin and is geographically significant in terms of its geological history and natural resources.

In addition to its industrial prominence, Newcastle offers vibrant urban living, a rich history dating back to 1804, and a thriving cultural scene. The city’s combination of natural beauty, economic significance, and historical depth makes it a cornerstone of New South Wales’ development and a key player on the global stage.